diff --git a/backend/app/models/pl_quota_models.py b/backend/app/models/pl_quota_models.py
index 21f422fe5..c7a43d022 100644
--- a/backend/app/models/pl_quota_models.py
+++ b/backend/app/models/pl_quota_models.py
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ class PlPlanCertUsageItem(Base):
     actual_source_qty = Column(Numeric(18,6), nullable=True, comment='归档时来源段产品完整实际数量快照，来源单位；未知为NULL')
     actual_allocated_source_qty = Column(Numeric(18,6), nullable=True, comment='归档时本证分配的来源实际数量；同产品同证种各证合计须等于完整实际量；异单位重新确认')
     planned_cert_qty = Column(Numeric(18,6), nullable=True, comment='自动分配或人工确认的安排用证量，证件单位；草稿可空，预占前必填')
-    reserve_input_mode = Column(String(16), nullable=True, comment='same_unit同单位带入/manual异单位人工填写')
-    reserve_conversion_note = Column(String(1000), nullable=True, comment='异单位安排折算说明，manual时必填；不存自动换算系数')
+    reserve_input_mode = Column(String(16), nullable=True, comment='same_unit同单位带入/standard固定质量体积换算/manual异单位人工填写')
+    reserve_conversion_note = Column(String(1000), nullable=True, comment='异单位人工折算说明；standard固定质量体积换算不填')
     reserve_confirmed_by = Column(String(64), nullable=True, comment='安排折算量确认人，服务端取当前用户')
     reserve_confirmed_time = Column(DateTime, nullable=True, comment='安排折算量确认时间')
     actual_cert_qty = Column(Numeric(18,6), nullable=True, comment='按实际来源量自动分配或人工确认的实际用证量，证件单位；不可用预占量替代')
diff --git a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_allocation.py b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_allocation.py
index 8582ac3a6..65544d24b 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_allocation.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_allocation.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 所有量限制六位小数；内部使用 Fraction，输出不能精确表示时明确返回计算未完成。
 运输引用通过 (来源, 购买证, 运输证) 流量约束匹配，而非仅验证证号存在。
-人工行固定该来源/证件的来源量与扣证量，不推导任何跨单位换算率。
+吨、千克、克和升、毫升按固定比例折成证面量。其余异单位只接受人工行，不推导密度或包装换算。
 """
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from datetime import date
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from math import isfinite
 from time import monotonic
 from typing import FrozenSet, Mapping, Sequence, Tuple
 
-from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit
+from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit, standard_conversion_ratio
 
 
 class AllocationInputError(ValueError):
@@ -238,8 +238,14 @@ def allocate_plan(demands: Sequence[SourceDemand], purchases: Sequence[PermitCan
             raise AllocationInputError('同单位数量必须相等，零数量必须对应')
         manual[key] = row
 
+    def convertible(source_unit, permit_unit):
+        ratio = standard_conversion_ratio(source_unit, permit_unit)
+        return None if ratio is None else F(ratio)
+
     def eligible(kind, s, p):
-        return s.product_id in p.product_ids and (same_quantity_unit(s.unit, p.unit) or (kind, s.source_id, p.permit_id) in manual)
+        return s.product_id in p.product_ids and (
+            same_quantity_unit(s.unit, p.unit) or convertible(s.unit, p.unit) is not None
+            or (kind, s.source_id, p.permit_id) in manual)
 
     routes = []
     for sid, s in sorted(sources.items()):
@@ -274,10 +280,13 @@ def allocate_plan(demands: Sequence[SourceDemand], purchases: Sequence[PermitCan
                 if key in manual:
                     row = manual[key]
                     constrain(v, F(row.source_quantity), True)
+                factor = convertible(s.unit, p.unit)
                 if same_quantity_unit(s.unit, p.unit):
                     coefficients = [x + y for x, y in zip(coefficients, v)]
                 elif key in manual:
                     fixed += F(manual[key].permit_quantity)
+                elif factor is not None:
+                    coefficients = [x + y * factor for x, y in zip(coefficients, v)]
             constrain(coefficients, F(p.available) - fixed)
     x = _solve(a, b, [0] * len(routes), budget)
     # 连续精确优化每个优先项，并锁定最优值；不会因局部贪心破坏全局可行性。
@@ -300,7 +309,13 @@ def allocate_plan(demands: Sequence[SourceDemand], purchases: Sequence[PermitCan
         if not amount:
             continue
         key = (kind, sid, p.permit_id)
-        pq = F(manual[key].permit_quantity) if key in manual else amount
+        factor = convertible(sources[sid].unit, p.unit)
+        if key in manual:
+            pq = F(manual[key].permit_quantity)
+        elif factor is not None:
+            pq = amount * factor
+        else:
+            pq = amount
         seqkey = (kind, sid)
         sequences[seqkey] = sequences.get(seqkey, 0) + 1
         output[kind].append(Allocation(kind, sid, p.permit_id, _decimal(amount), _decimal(pq), sources[sid].unit, p.unit, sequences[seqkey]))
diff --git a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_conversion.py b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_conversion.py
index 2ce83e2ca..3400febca 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_conversion.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_conversion.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from app.models.pl_models import (
 from app.models.pl_quota_models import (
     PlContractCertLink, PlContractCertProduct, PlPlanCertUsage, PlPurchaseCert, PlTransportCert,
 )
-from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit
+from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit, standard_conversion_ratio
 
 _VERSIONS = ('per_stop_v2', 'legacy_single_side')
 
@@ -56,7 +56,11 @@ def line_needs_conversion(unit, cert_units):
     left = str(unit or '').strip()
     if not left:
         return False
-    return any(str(value or '').strip() and not same_quantity_unit(left, value) for value in cert_units)
+    return any(
+        str(value or '').strip() and not same_quantity_unit(left, value)
+        and standard_conversion_ratio(left, value) is None
+        for value in cert_units
+    )
 
 
 def plan_needs_unit_conversion(plan, lines, cert_units, snapshots):
diff --git a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_diagnostics.py b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_diagnostics.py
index 2ab10ab48..be7e81627 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_diagnostics.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_diagnostics.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 """不可行分配的容量说明；容量上界不能替代产品范围和双证引用的联合求解。"""
 from decimal import Decimal, ROUND_HALF_UP
 
-from app.services.pl_quota_units import canonical_quantity_unit, same_quantity_unit
+from app.services.pl_quota_units import canonical_quantity_unit, same_quantity_unit, standard_conversion_ratio
 
 _UNIT_LABELS = {
-    'dun': '吨', 'kg': '千克', 'sheng': '升', 'ping': '瓶', 'dai': '袋',
+    'g': '克', 'dun': '吨', 'kg': '千克', 'sheng': '升', 'ping': '瓶', 'dai': '袋',
     'tong': '桶', 'hs': '毫升', 'set': '套', 'piece': '个', 'unit': '台',
 }
 
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ def allocation_diagnostics(demands, purchases, transports):
             products = {s.product_id for s in sources}
             eligible = [p for p in permits if p.product_ids & products]
             demand = sum((s.quantity for s in sources), Decimal(0))
-            foreign = any(not same_quantity_unit(p.unit, code) for p in eligible)
-            available = sum((p.available for p in eligible if same_quantity_unit(p.unit, code)), Decimal(0))
+            covered = [_available_in_source_unit(p, code) for p in eligible]
+            foreign = any(value is None for value in covered)
+            available = sum((value for value in covered if value is not None), Decimal(0))
             gap = max(Decimal(0), demand - available)
             reason = ('存在异单位证件，请逐来源人工填写换算量；不能按证面余额推算可覆盖量'
                       if foreign else '余额不足，请补充该证种额度' if gap else
@@ -42,6 +43,20 @@ def _display_qty(value):
     return format(Decimal(value).quantize(Decimal('0.001'), rounding=ROUND_HALF_UP), 'f')
 
 
+def _available_in_source_unit(permit, source_unit):
+    """把可固定换算的证面余量折回计划单位。瓶、袋等无法换算时返回 None。"""
+    if same_quantity_unit(permit.unit, source_unit):
+        return permit.available
+    ratio = standard_conversion_ratio(source_unit, permit.unit)
+    if ratio is None:
+        return None
+    return permit.available / ratio
+
+
+def _directly_usable(permit, source_unit):
+    return _available_in_source_unit(permit, source_unit) is not None
+
+
 def _display_unit(unit):
     text = str(unit or '').strip()
     return _UNIT_LABELS.get(text, text)
@@ -78,17 +93,17 @@ def foreign_unit_message(demands, purchases, transports, cert_nos):
     for source in demands:
         buys = [p for p in purchases if source.product_id in p.product_ids]
         moves = [t for t in transports if source.product_id in t.product_ids]
-        same_buys = [p for p in buys if same_quantity_unit(p.unit, source.unit)]
-        same_moves = [t for t in moves if same_quantity_unit(t.unit, source.unit)]
+        same_buys = [p for p in buys if _directly_usable(p, source.unit)]
+        same_moves = [t for t in moves if _directly_usable(t, source.unit)]
         if same_buys and same_moves:
             continue
         parts = []
         if not same_buys:
-            text = _cert_unit_text('purchase', [p for p in buys if not same_quantity_unit(p.unit, source.unit)], cert_nos)
+            text = _cert_unit_text('purchase', [p for p in buys if not _directly_usable(p, source.unit)], cert_nos)
             if text:
                 parts.append(f'购买证 {text}')
         if not same_moves:
-            text = _cert_unit_text('transport', [t for t in moves if not same_quantity_unit(t.unit, source.unit)], cert_nos)
+            text = _cert_unit_text('transport', [t for t in moves if not _directly_usable(t, source.unit)], cert_nos)
             if text:
                 parts.append(f'运输证 {text}')
         if not parts:
diff --git a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_units.py b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_units.py
index 7ecd9fe45..e104047c8 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_units.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_units.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 """证件与计划数量单位都按字典编码比较。历史证面可能直接存了中文标签。"""
+from decimal import Decimal
 
 _LABEL_TO_CODE = {
+    '克': 'g',
     '千克': 'kg',
     '吨': 'dun',
     '升': 'sheng',
@@ -13,6 +15,10 @@ _LABEL_TO_CODE = {
     '台': 'unit',
 }
 
+# 同一量纲内的固定比例。数值是该单位折成最小单位后的倍数。
+_MASS_IN_GRAMS = {'g': Decimal(1), 'kg': Decimal(1000), 'dun': Decimal(1000000)}
+_VOLUME_IN_MILLILITRES = {'hs': Decimal(1), 'sheng': Decimal(1000)}
+
 
 def canonical_quantity_unit(unit) -> str:
     text = str(unit or '').strip()
@@ -30,3 +36,15 @@ def display_quantity_unit(unit) -> str:
 
 def same_quantity_unit(left, right) -> bool:
     return canonical_quantity_unit(left) == canonical_quantity_unit(right)
+
+
+def standard_conversion_ratio(source_unit, permit_unit):
+    """1 个计划单位等于多少证面单位。同单位、空单位和跨量纲返回 None。"""
+    source = canonical_quantity_unit(source_unit)
+    permit = canonical_quantity_unit(permit_unit)
+    if not source or not permit or source == permit:
+        return None
+    for table in (_MASS_IN_GRAMS, _VOLUME_IN_MILLILITRES):
+        if source in table and permit in table:
+            return table[source] / table[permit]
+    return None
diff --git a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_usage_service.py b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_usage_service.py
index a2619025c..dbe5b8e98 100644
--- a/backend/app/services/pl_quota_usage_service.py
+++ b/backend/app/services/pl_quota_usage_service.py
@@ -21,10 +21,18 @@ from app.services.pl_quota_contract_service import _contract
 from app.services.pl_quota_allocation import (SourceDemand, PermitCandidate, ManualAllocation, Allocation,
     allocate_plan, settle_allocations, validate_allocation_pairing, InsufficientQuota)
 from app.services.pl_quota_diagnostics import allocation_diagnostics
-from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit
+from app.services.pl_quota_units import same_quantity_unit, standard_conversion_ratio
 
 ZERO = Decimal('0')
 
+
+def _reserve_input_mode(source_unit, cert_unit):
+    if same_quantity_unit(source_unit, cert_unit):
+        return 'same_unit'
+    if standard_conversion_ratio(source_unit, cert_unit) is not None:
+        return 'standard'
+    return 'manual'
+
 def _query(db, user, model, lock=True, **filters):
     query=db.query(model).filter_by(tenant_no=user.tenant_no, **filters)
     return query.with_for_update().populate_existing() if lock else query
@@ -238,8 +246,8 @@ def _reserve(db,user,r,plan,certs,usages,items,selected,preview=False,lock_previ
         if s.quantity != 0: continue
         pairs=[(p,t) for p in candidates['purchase'] for t in candidates['transport']
                if sid in p.product_ids and sid in t.product_ids and p.permit_id in t.purchase_permit_ids
-               and (same_quantity_unit(p.unit, s.unit) or any(a.permit_kind=='purchase' and a.source_id==sid and a.permit_id==p.permit_id for a in r.manual_allocations))
-               and (same_quantity_unit(t.unit, s.unit) or any(a.permit_kind=='transport' and a.source_id==sid and a.permit_id==t.permit_id for a in r.manual_allocations))]
+               and (same_quantity_unit(p.unit, s.unit) or standard_conversion_ratio(s.unit, p.unit) is not None or any(a.permit_kind=='purchase' and a.source_id==sid and a.permit_id==p.permit_id for a in r.manual_allocations))
+               and (same_quantity_unit(t.unit, s.unit) or standard_conversion_ratio(s.unit, t.unit) is not None or any(a.permit_kind=='transport' and a.source_id==sid and a.permit_id==t.permit_id for a in r.manual_allocations))]
         if not pairs:
             from app.services.pl_quota_diagnostics import missing_purchase_link_message
             cert_nos = {(kind, cert.id): cert.cert_no for (kind, _), cert in certs.items()}
@@ -286,7 +294,7 @@ def _reserve(db,user,r,plan,certs,usages,items,selected,preview=False,lock_previ
             item=previous.get(a.source_id)
             if item is None:
                 item=m.PlPlanCertUsageItem(**_audit(user),usage_id=u.id); db.add(item); items[k].append(item)
-            values=dict(contract_cert_link_id=link.id,contract_cert_product_id=scope.id,contract_scope_revision=link.scope_revision,contract_id=s.contract_id,contract_product_id=s.contract_product_id,plan_product_id=s.plan_product_id,source_stop_type=s.source_stop_type,source_stop_id=s.source_stop_id,source_stop_product_id=s.source_stop_product_id,related_stop_products=s.related_stop_products,allocation_seq=a.allocation_seq,source_unit=s.unit,planned_source_qty=s.quantity,allocated_source_qty=a.source_quantity,planned_cert_qty=a.permit_quantity,reserved_qty=a.permit_quantity,used_qty=ZERO,item_status='reserved',source_fingerprint=s.fingerprint,source_snapshot={**s.snapshot, 'measurementVersion': s.snapshot.get('measurementVersion', 'legacy_single_side'), 'productId': s.product_id},del_flag=0,reserve_input_mode='same_unit' if same_quantity_unit(s.unit, c.quantity_unit) else 'manual',reserve_conversion_note=notes.get((k[0],k[1],a.source_id)),reserve_confirmed_by=user.id,reserve_confirmed_time=datetime.now(),update_by=user.id)
+            values=dict(contract_cert_link_id=link.id,contract_cert_product_id=scope.id,contract_scope_revision=link.scope_revision,contract_id=s.contract_id,contract_product_id=s.contract_product_id,plan_product_id=s.plan_product_id,source_stop_type=s.source_stop_type,source_stop_id=s.source_stop_id,source_stop_product_id=s.source_stop_product_id,related_stop_products=s.related_stop_products,allocation_seq=a.allocation_seq,source_unit=s.unit,planned_source_qty=s.quantity,allocated_source_qty=a.source_quantity,planned_cert_qty=a.permit_quantity,reserved_qty=a.permit_quantity,used_qty=ZERO,item_status='reserved',source_fingerprint=s.fingerprint,source_snapshot={**s.snapshot, 'measurementVersion': s.snapshot.get('measurementVersion', 'legacy_single_side'), 'productId': s.product_id},del_flag=0,reserve_input_mode=_reserve_input_mode(s.unit, c.quantity_unit),reserve_conversion_note=notes.get((k[0],k[1],a.source_id)),reserve_confirmed_by=user.id,reserve_confirmed_time=datetime.now(),update_by=user.id)
             for name,value in values.items(): setattr(item,name,value)
 
 
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_allocation.py b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_allocation.py
index 99ec9feba..d79465bb2 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_allocation.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_allocation.py
@@ -26,6 +26,44 @@ def test_transport_reference_forces_purchase_reallocation():
     result = allocate_plan([source(quantity='10')], [permit('g1', '10'), permit('g2', '10')], [permit('t', '10', refs=('g2',))])
     assert result.purchase_allocations[0].permit_id == 'g2'
 
+def test_standard_mass_and_volume_units_convert_without_a_manual_row():
+    tons = allocate_plan(
+        [source(quantity='10', unit='吨')],
+        [permit('g', '15000', unit='kg')],
+        [permit('t', '10', unit='dun', refs=('g',))],
+    )
+    assert quantities(tons.purchase_allocations) == [('g', D('10'), D('10000'))]
+    assert quantities(tons.transport_allocations) == [('t', D('10'), D('10'))]
+    with pytest.raises(InsufficientQuota):
+        allocate_plan(
+            [source(quantity='10', unit='dun')],
+            [permit('g', '9000', unit='千克')],
+            [permit('t', '10', unit='吨', refs=('g',))],
+        )
+    volume = allocate_plan(
+        [source(quantity='2', unit='升')],
+        [permit('g', '2500', unit='hs')],
+        [permit('t', '2', unit='sheng', refs=('g',))],
+    )
+    assert quantities(volume.purchase_allocations) == [('g', D('2'), D('2000'))]
+    grams = allocate_plan(
+        [source(quantity='500', unit='克')],
+        [permit('g', '1', unit='kg')],
+        [permit('t', '1', unit='千克', refs=('g',))],
+    )
+    assert quantities(grams.purchase_allocations) == [('g', D('500'), D('0.500000'))]
+    assert quantities(grams.transport_allocations) == [('t', D('500'), D('0.500000'))]
+
+
+def test_packing_units_still_need_a_manual_row():
+    with pytest.raises(InsufficientQuota):
+        allocate_plan(
+            [source(quantity='10', unit='吨')],
+            [permit('g', '100', unit='瓶')],
+            [permit('t', '10', unit='吨', refs=('g',))],
+        )
+
+
 def test_manual_different_units_and_auto_rejected():
     args = ([source(quantity='10')], [permit('g', '100', unit='kg')], [permit('t', '10', refs=('g',))])
     with pytest.raises(InsufficientQuota):
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_conversion.py b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_conversion.py
index 929b3aa01..1c9846fa5 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_conversion.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_conversion.py
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@ def test_same_label_and_code_do_not_need_conversion():
     assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(current, [line('L', 'load', '吨')], {'cp': ['dun']}, []) is False
     assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(current, [line('L', 'load', '吨', toxic=False)], {'cp': ['kg']}, []) is False
     assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(
-        current, [line('L', 'load', '吨', customer='安庆市山峡化工有限公司')], {'cp': ['kg']}, [],
+        current, [line('L', 'load', '吨', customer='安庆市山峡化工有限公司')], {'cp': ['ping']}, [],
     ) is True
+    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(current, [line('L', 'load', '吨')], {'cp': ['kg']}, []) is False
+    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(current, [line('L', 'load', '升')], {'cp': ['毫升']}, []) is False
 
 
 def test_unbound_and_unselected_legacy_sides_are_display_only():
@@ -47,13 +49,17 @@ def test_unbound_and_unselected_legacy_sides_are_display_only():
     chosen = plan(transport_status='arranged', configuration={'sourceMapping': [
         {'sourceStopType': 'load', 'sourceStopProductId': 'L', 'relatedStopProductIds': ['D']},
     ]})
-    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(chosen, both, {'cp': ['kg']}, []) is True
+    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(chosen, both, {'cp': ['瓶']}, []) is True
+    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(chosen, both, {'cp': ['kg']}, []) is False
 
 
 def test_new_plan_counts_either_stop_when_a_bound_certificate_uses_another_unit():
     current = plan()
     assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(
         current, [line('L', 'load', 'dun'), line('D', 'delivery', 'dun')], {'cp': ['kg']}, [],
+    ) is False
+    assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(
+        current, [line('L', 'load', 'dun'), line('D', 'delivery', 'dun')], {'cp': ['ping']}, [],
     ) is True
     assert plan_needs_unit_conversion(current, [line('L', 'load', 'dun')], {}, []) is False
 
@@ -84,7 +90,7 @@ def test_list_and_badge_count_only_plans_with_a_real_unit_mismatch(monkeypatch):
             product_no='SKU', product_name='硫酸', unit='吨', contract_product_id='cp', tenant_no='t',
         ))
         db.add(PlPurchaseCert(
-            id='buy', cert_no='BUY', product_name_on_cert='硫酸', total_qty=1, quantity_unit='kg',
+            id='buy', cert_no='BUY', product_name_on_cert='硫酸', total_qty=1, quantity_unit='ping',
             valid_use_text='多次有效', buyer_name='买方', seller_name='卖方', tenant_no='t',
         ))
         db.add(PlContractCertLink(
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_diagnostics.py b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_diagnostics.py
index 0797f68e4..b8dc99f46 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_diagnostics.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_diagnostics.py
@@ -18,11 +18,14 @@ def test_shared_capacity_is_counted_once_per_kind_and_unit():
     assert rows[1]['gapLowerBound'] == '30'
 
 
-def test_foreign_unit_is_not_summed_or_implicitly_converted():
+def test_standard_units_convert_before_the_gap_and_packing_units_do_not():
     from app.services.pl_quota_diagnostics import allocation_diagnostics
-    rows = allocation_diagnostics([SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('30'), '吨')], [permit('p', '1000', ['a'], '千克')], [])
-    assert rows[0]['availableUpperBound'] is None and rows[0]['gapLowerBound'] is None
-    assert '人工' in rows[0]['reason']
+    mass = allocation_diagnostics([SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('30'), '吨')], [permit('p', '1000', ['a'], '千克')], [])
+    assert mass[0]['availableUpperBound'] == '1' and mass[0]['gapLowerBound'] == '29'
+    assert mass[0]['reason'] == '余额不足，请补充该证种额度'
+    packed = allocation_diagnostics([SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('30'), '吨')], [permit('p', '1000', ['a'], '瓶')], [])
+    assert packed[0]['availableUpperBound'] is None and packed[0]['gapLowerBound'] is None
+    assert '人工' in packed[0]['reason']
 
 
 def test_sufficient_totals_do_not_claim_joint_feasibility():
@@ -55,14 +58,21 @@ def test_missing_purchase_link_names_both_certificates():
 
 def test_foreign_unit_message_names_plan_unit_and_certificates():
     from app.services.pl_quota_diagnostics import foreign_unit_message
-    source = SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('1'), 'kg')
+    source = SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('1'), 'ping')
     message = foreign_unit_message(
         [source],
         [permit('buy', '100', ['a'], 'dun')],
         [permit('move', '100', ['a'], '吨', refs=frozenset({'buy'}))],
         {('purchase', 'buy'): 'G34260485131004', ('transport', 'move'): 'Y34265019298950'},
     )
-    assert '计划产品单位是千克' in message
+    assert '计划产品单位是瓶' in message
+    convertible = foreign_unit_message(
+        [SourceDemand('a', 'a', D('1'), 'kg')],
+        [permit('buy', '100', ['a'], 'dun')],
+        [permit('move', '100', ['a'], '吨', refs=frozenset({'buy'}))],
+        {('purchase', 'buy'): 'G34260485131004', ('transport', 'move'): 'Y34265019298950'},
+    )
+    assert convertible == ''
     assert '购买证 G34260485131004（吨）' in message
     assert '运输证 Y34265019298950（吨）' in message
     assert '查看用证' in message
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_usage.py b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_usage.py
index 07beb0d8a..a0eecc9c9 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_usage.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_pl_quota_usage.py
@@ -145,12 +145,28 @@ def test_reserve_without_transport_purchase_reference_names_the_certificates(cas
     assert c.db.get(c.m.PlPurchaseCert, 'p').reserved_qty == 0
 
 
+def test_standard_mass_conversion_reserves_and_archives_without_a_manual_coefficient(case):
+    c = case
+    sources = request()['sources']
+    sources[0]['unit'] = 'kg'
+    sources[0]['quantity'] = '29'
+    run(c, sources=sources)
+    assert c.db.get(c.m.PlPurchaseCert, 'p').reserved_qty == D('0.029')
+    assert c.db.get(c.m.PlTransportCert, 't').reserved_qty == D('0.029')
+    items = c.db.query(c.m.PlPlanCertUsageItem).all()
+    assert items and all(item.reserve_input_mode == 'standard' for item in items)
+    run(c, operation_id='settle', action='settle', sources=sources, actual_by_source={'load:sp': '18'})
+    assert c.db.get(c.m.PlPurchaseCert, 'p').used_qty == D('0.018')
+    assert c.db.get(c.m.PlTransportCert, 't').used_qty == D('0.018')
+    assert c.db.get(c.m.PlPurchaseCert, 'p').reserved_qty == 0
+
+
 def test_different_unit_names_the_certificates_before_arrange(case):
     from app.services.pl_quota_allocation import InsufficientQuota
     c = case
     sources = request()['sources']
-    sources[0]['unit'] = 'kg'
-    with pytest.raises(InsufficientQuota, match='计划产品单位是千克') as caught:
+    sources[0]['unit'] = 'ping'
+    with pytest.raises(InsufficientQuota, match='计划产品单位是瓶') as caught:
         run(c, sources=sources)
     assert '购买证 p（吨）' in str(caught.value)
     assert '运输证 t（吨）' in str(caught.value)
@@ -281,7 +297,7 @@ def test_split_pairing_failure_does_not_partially_settle(case):
     assert all(u.used_qty==0 for u in c.db.query(c.m.PlPlanCertUsage).all())
 
 def test_zero_foreign_unit_still_requires_manual_pair(case):
-    c=case; c.db.get(c.m.PlTransportCert,'t').quantity_unit='kg'; c.db.flush()
+    c=case; c.db.get(c.m.PlTransportCert,'t').quantity_unit='ping'; c.db.flush()
     sources=request()['sources']; sources[0]['quantity']='0'
     manual=[dict(permit_kind='transport',source_id='load:sp',permit_id='t',source_quantity='0',permit_quantity='0',note='零量人工核实')]
     run(c,sources=sources,manual_allocations=manual)
diff --git a/web-admin/scripts/quota-stop-display.test.ts b/web-admin/scripts/quota-stop-display.test.ts
index 01240284e..9424462ca 100644
--- a/web-admin/scripts/quota-stop-display.test.ts
+++ b/web-admin/scripts/quota-stop-display.test.ts
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ test('unit conversion is only required when the plan unit differs from a bound c
           ...load,
           certificates: [
             { certType: 'purchase', certId: 'buy', certNo: 'BUY', quantityUnit: '吨' },
-            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'move', certNo: 'MOVE', quantityUnit: '千克' }
+            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'move', certNo: 'MOVE', quantityUnit: '千克' },
+            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'pack', certNo: 'PACK', quantityUnit: '瓶' }
           ]
         }
       ]
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ test('unit conversion is only required when the plan unit differs from a bound c
   assert.deepEqual(same, [])
   assert.deepEqual(
     different.map((row) => row.cert.certNo),
-    ['MOVE']
+    ['PACK']
   )
   const labelAndCode = unitConversions(
     {
@@ -151,7 +152,8 @@ test('unit conversion is only required when the plan unit differs from a bound c
           ...load,
           certificates: [
             { certType: 'purchase', certId: 'buy', certNo: 'BUY', quantityUnit: '吨' },
-            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'move', certNo: 'MOVE', quantityUnit: '千克' }
+            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'move', certNo: 'MOVE', quantityUnit: '千克' },
+            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'pack', certNo: 'PACK', quantityUnit: '瓶' }
           ]
         }
       ]
@@ -160,7 +162,27 @@ test('unit conversion is only required when the plan unit differs from a bound c
   )
   assert.deepEqual(
     labelAndCode.map((row) => row.cert.certNo),
-    ['MOVE']
+    ['PACK']
+  )
+  const volume = unitConversions(
+    {
+      ...plan,
+      stopProducts: [
+        {
+          ...load,
+          unit: '升',
+          certificates: [
+            { certType: 'purchase', certId: 'ml', certNo: 'ML', quantityUnit: '毫升' },
+            { certType: 'transport', certId: 'pack', certNo: 'PACK', quantityUnit: '瓶' }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    [{ ...load, unit: '升' }]
+  )
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    volume.map((row) => row.cert.certNo),
+    ['PACK']
   )
 })
 test('conversion coefficient scales the certificate quantity and can be recovered', () => {
diff --git a/web-admin/scripts/random-operation-id.test.ts b/web-admin/scripts/random-operation-id.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0b4b0242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web-admin/scripts/random-operation-id.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict'
+import test from 'node:test'
+import { randomOperationId } from '../src/utils/random-id'
+
+const uuidV4 = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-4[0-9a-f]{3}-[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/
+
+test('secure context keeps the native randomUUID value', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    randomOperationId({ randomUUID: () => 'native-operation-id' }),
+    'native-operation-id'
+  )
+})
+
+test('insecure context still returns a uuid from getRandomValues', () => {
+  const insecure = {
+    getRandomValues(bytes: Uint8Array) {
+      crypto.getRandomValues(bytes)
+      return bytes
+    }
+  }
+  const first = randomOperationId(insecure)
+  const second = randomOperationId(insecure)
+  assert.match(first, uuidV4)
+  assert.match(second, uuidV4)
+  assert.notEqual(first, second)
+  assert.ok(first.length <= 64)
+})
+
+test('missing web crypto still returns a bounded operation id', () => {
+  const id = randomOperationId({})
+  assert.match(id, uuidV4)
+  assert.ok(id.length <= 64)
+})
diff --git a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-archive-dialog/index.vue b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-archive-dialog/index.vue
index bb479130f..7adf63984 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-archive-dialog/index.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-archive-dialog/index.vue
@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@
   import { usePlFreightCalc, resolveFreightUnitLabel } from '@/composables/usePlFreightCalc'
   import { useDictStore } from '@/store/modules/dict'
   import { pickBxData } from '@/utils/http/bx'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   import {
     mapDeliveriesFromApi,
     mapLegacyPlanToStops,
@@ -1641,7 +1642,8 @@
     try {
       const archiveBody = { ...frozenBody, confirmOverage }
       const signature = JSON.stringify({ planId: targetId, archiveBody })
-      if (signature !== quotaArchiveAttempt.signature) quotaArchiveAttempt = { signature, id: crypto.randomUUID() }
+      if (signature !== quotaArchiveAttempt.signature)
+        quotaArchiveAttempt = { signature, id: randomOperationId() }
       const response = await planApi.archive(
         targetId,
         { ...archiveBody, operationId: quotaArchiveAttempt.id },
diff --git a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-form-dialog/index.vue b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-form-dialog/index.vue
index 9c52ae87d..2e6be810a 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-form-dialog/index.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-form-dialog/index.vue
@@ -663,6 +663,7 @@
   } from '@/api/pl'
   import { planQuotaApi, type QuotaSourceOption } from '@/api/pl/quota-cert'
   import { toxicArrangeBlockMessage } from '@/utils/pl-quota-cert-waiver'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   import { arrangeBlockedMessage, isExecutionStarted } from '@/utils/pl-plan-action-guards'
   import {
     usePlRemoteCarrierOptions,
@@ -2720,7 +2721,7 @@
     })
 
     const signature = JSON.stringify({ planId, payload })
-    if (signature !== arrangeAttempt.signature) arrangeAttempt = { signature, id: crypto.randomUUID() }
+    if (signature !== arrangeAttempt.signature) arrangeAttempt = { signature, id: randomOperationId() }
     try {
       await submitPlanArrange(
         planId,
diff --git a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-quota-dialog/stop-model.ts b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-quota-dialog/stop-model.ts
index 5e87fb7bb..de0461eaa 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-quota-dialog/stop-model.ts
+++ b/web-admin/src/components/business/pl-plan-quota-dialog/stop-model.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,22 @@ export function sameCertUnit(left?: string | null, right?: string | null) {
   return normalizeProductUnitValue(planUnit) === normalizeProductUnitValue(certUnit)
 }
 
+const MASS_IN_GRAMS: Record<string, number> = { g: 1, kg: 1000, dun: 1000000 }
+const VOLUME_IN_MILLILITRES: Record<string, number> = { hs: 1, sheng: 1000 }
+
+/** 与后端 standard_conversion_ratio 同一口径：吨/千克/克、升/毫升不用手填系数。 */
+export function hasStandardUnitConversion(left?: string | null, right?: string | null) {
+  const planUnit = String(left || '').trim()
+  const certUnit = String(right || '').trim()
+  if (!planUnit || !certUnit) return false
+  const source = normalizeProductUnitValue(planUnit)
+  const permit = normalizeProductUnitValue(certUnit)
+  if (!source || !permit || source === permit) return false
+  return [MASS_IN_GRAMS, VOLUME_IN_MILLILITRES].some(
+    (table) => source in table && permit in table
+  )
+}
+
 export function coefficientFromQuantities(source: unknown, permit: unknown) {
   const sourceQty = Number(source)
   const permitQty = Number(permit)
@@ -62,7 +78,13 @@ export function unitConversions(plan: PlanQuota | undefined, sources: QuotaSourc
           row.sourceStopProductId === source.sourceStopProductId
       )?.certificates || []
     return certs
-      .filter((cert) => cert.quantityUnit && source.unit && !sameCertUnit(source.unit, cert.quantityUnit))
+      .filter(
+        (cert) =>
+          cert.quantityUnit &&
+          source.unit &&
+          !sameCertUnit(source.unit, cert.quantityUnit) &&
+          !hasStandardUnitConversion(source.unit, cert.quantityUnit)
+      )
       .map((cert) => ({
         sourceId: `${source.sourceStopType}:${source.sourceStopProductId}`,
         source,
diff --git a/web-admin/src/utils/crm-product-display.ts b/web-admin/src/utils/crm-product-display.ts
index 209cee854..10b9c05a9 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/utils/crm-product-display.ts
+++ b/web-admin/src/utils/crm-product-display.ts
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_PRODUCT_UNIT_VALUE = 'dun'
 
 /** 展示文案 → 字典值；避免「吨」与合同行 dun 混用导致保存校验失败 */
 const PRODUCT_UNIT_LABEL_TO_VALUE: Record<string, string> = {
+  克: 'g',
   千克: 'kg',
   吨: 'dun',
   升: 'sheng',
diff --git a/web-admin/src/utils/random-id.ts b/web-admin/src/utils/random-id.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e544c7aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web-admin/src/utils/random-id.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+type RandomSource = {
+  randomUUID?: () => string
+  getRandomValues?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => Uint8Array
+}
+
+/** 幂等操作号。安全上下文用 randomUUID；http 页面没有该接口时改用 getRandomValues。 */
+export function randomOperationId(source?: RandomSource): string {
+  const cryptoSource = source === undefined ? globalThis.crypto : source
+  if (typeof cryptoSource?.randomUUID === 'function') return cryptoSource.randomUUID()
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(16)
+  if (typeof cryptoSource?.getRandomValues === 'function') cryptoSource.getRandomValues(bytes)
+  else {
+    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) bytes[i] = Math.floor(Math.random() * 256)
+  }
+  bytes[6] = (bytes[6] & 0x0f) | 0x40
+  bytes[8] = (bytes[8] & 0x3f) | 0x80
+  const hex = Array.from(bytes, (byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
+  return `${hex.slice(0, 8)}-${hex.slice(8, 12)}-${hex.slice(12, 16)}-${hex.slice(16, 20)}-${hex.slice(20)}`
+}
diff --git a/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertConfirmSheet.vue b/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertConfirmSheet.vue
index ad7be8e0d..12f220b17 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertConfirmSheet.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertConfirmSheet.vue
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
   import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus'
   import AttachmentUploadField from '@/components/business/attachment-upload-field/index.vue'
   import { quotaCertApi, type CertType, type QuotaCert } from '@/api/pl/quota-cert'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   import './cert-mobile.scss'
 
   const props = defineProps<{ row?: QuotaCert | null }>()
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@
   watch(
     () => props.row?.id,
     () => {
-      opening.operationId = crypto.randomUUID()
+      opening.operationId = randomOperationId()
       opening.usedQty = '0'
       opening.singleUseConsumed = false
       opening.reason = ''
diff --git a/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertHistorySheet.vue b/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertHistorySheet.vue
index 2d24658de..203c1dea7 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertHistorySheet.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/views/m/pl/plan-cert/CertHistorySheet.vue
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
   } from '@/api/pl/quota-cert'
   import { formatCertQty } from '@/views/pl/quota-cert/model'
   import { getProductUnitLabel } from '@/utils/crm-product-display'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   import { useDictStore } from '@/store/modules/dict'
   import './cert-mobile.scss'
 
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@
       return
     }
     const signature = JSON.stringify({ id: cert.value.id, ...body })
-    if (signature !== attempt.signature) attempt = { signature, id: crypto.randomUUID() }
+    if (signature !== attempt.signature) attempt = { signature, id: randomOperationId() }
     saving.value = true
     try {
       await quotaAdjustmentApi.total(props.kind, cert.value.id, { ...body, operationId: attempt.id })
diff --git a/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/QuotaHistoryDialog.vue b/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/QuotaHistoryDialog.vue
index b3e6fe215..bbb16073c 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/QuotaHistoryDialog.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/QuotaHistoryDialog.vue
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
   import { formatCertQty } from './model'
   import { useDictStore } from '@/store/modules/dict'
   import { getProductUnitLabel } from '@/utils/crm-product-display'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   function inputQty(value: unknown) {
     const text = formatCertQty(value)
     return text === '—' ? '' : text
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@
     const id = cert.value.id,
       type = kind.value,
       signature = JSON.stringify({ id, type, ...body })
-    if (signature !== attempt.signature) attempt = { signature, id: crypto.randomUUID() }
+    if (signature !== attempt.signature) attempt = { signature, id: randomOperationId() }
     saving.value = true
     try {
       await quotaAdjustmentApi.total(type, id, { ...body, operationId: attempt.id })
diff --git a/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/index.vue b/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/index.vue
index dc5d3a010..d7cf66f01 100644
--- a/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/index.vue
+++ b/web-admin/src/views/pl/quota-cert/index.vue
@@ -607,6 +607,7 @@
   import { useUserStore } from '@/store/modules/user'
   import { useDictStore } from '@/store/modules/dict'
   import { getProductUnitLabel } from '@/utils/crm-product-display'
+  import { randomOperationId } from '@/utils/random-id'
   import { fetchGetMenuCodes } from '@/api/auth'
   import {
     quotaCertApi,
@@ -1573,7 +1574,7 @@
   function openConfirm(row: QuotaCert) {
     confirmRow.value = row
     Object.assign(opening, {
-      operationId: crypto.randomUUID(),
+      operationId: randomOperationId(),
       usedQty: '0',
       singleUseConsumed: false,
       reason: '',